Censorship Is Only A Temporary Setback - 1598 Words

Censorship is Only a Temporary Setback Censorship will always interfere with freedom of speech. In Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, censorship is one of the main topics depicted. Censorship including the banning of books has been an issue thoughout history. There has been violence similar to the book burnings by the firemen in the novel. In 2009, Harry Potter books as well as other novels and music records were burned by Paster Jack Brock in front of his congregation. He felt that these books were evil and went against everyone’s religious beliefs. (Applebaum) In Bradbury’s novel, Guy Montag is a fireman who cannot understand why books have to be burned. He questions what is in the books that can’t be shared with people. Guy questions his†¦show more content†¦He has everyone on a tight leash by limiting what is allowed on the radio, TV, and even in the library He controls everyone’s moves and doesn’t want anyone going against what he believes. Backer confirms that there are thi ngs going on underground in Cuba that can’t really be stopped like the type of music people listen to in Havana. What people don’t know is that it is perfectly legal to record any type of music. (par. 1) China beat out United States of America with the most Internet usage in the world but the government tries to keep their people on a tight lockdown on what people can look up on the Internet but to also keep away cyber-crimes from happening. What China doesn’t know is with all the tight lockdown people can still rebel against the government. (Liang) In the United States, many books were banned through the years starting from 1884 to 2002. The Library of Congress created a â€Å"Books that shaped America† exhibit. One of the books on the exhibit was The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain; people thought the racial slurs were condescending. The book content was crass. (Par 1) Another book in the exhibit was Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury, 1953. A California Middle School banned this book because it went against their religious beliefs. The book itself was a controversy so to have Bradbury write in his book about banning books and then to have his own book banned in school shows that we haven’t changed since the

Off the Leash Censoring the Internet Essay - 1737 Words

Did you check your Facebook today? How about your E-Mail? If not, you may be missing something even now! In today’s fast-paced world of instant information, if you aren’t on the internet, you’re almost certainly uninformed. Networks and the internet make up an alarmingly large part of our life. We get our news (both personal and public) via the internet, we talk to friends, shop for things, pay our bills†¦ but how vast is the monster that does all of this? This question, along with many others, is essential in the debate that rages on today: censoring the net. There are governments, not excluding our own, who believe in to some extent controlling who can access certain websites, and which are available to the general public. The very idea†¦show more content†¦(www.isoc.org) Libraries virtually depend on the internet anymore for any number of things, book orders, late fees, accounts, newsletters. Schools are even more intertwined with this fabulous t echnology, there’s a computer in every classroom. Students are now free to access a virtual infinity of data whenever they need a report on John Adams, or can use the library computers to requisition a book on the Panama Canal. Even teachers use the internet for research, pulling crucial info from reliable research websites and online news centers. As a research companion, the internet is essential, a powerful, never ending library of useful information and resource. Today’s businesses wouldn’t exactly get far with the loss of the internet, either. Emails from corporate branches, sharing of information, archiving numbers and statistics, just to name a few. Without an online presence, a business is hardly well known, and almost never efficiently organized. Advertisements online net thousands of hits a day, propelling business recognition to new heights and their customer base even further. As a consumer, a company that has a web page is more easily accessible, mo re reliable and therefore preferred over those that do not. Not having a webpage is almost unheard of for any business venture anymore. Even the governments, who are at the forefront of the battle over online regulations, are not immune to the â€Å"virus†.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Brown Vs. Board of Education1458 Words   |  6 Pages Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press (U.S. Constitution). Throughout the ages, censorship has shown up in various forms ranging from printed works to television and the Internet. It can have the positive effect of protecting children from things they are too immature to view, but it can also have negative effects. Censorship may even suppress new and different ideas, keeping them from being made public. It may also set limitations, which stifle the creativityRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesthe effort. He made an appointment to see Phil Davies, director of project man agement. Tim Aston: Phil, I m a little unhappy about the way things are going. I just can t seem to motivate my people. Every day, at 4:30 P.M., all of my people clean off their desks and go home. I ve had people walk out of late afternoon team meetings because they were afraid that they d miss their car pool. I have to schedule morning team meetings. Phil Davies: Look, Tim. You re going to have to realize that in

Although the women’s characters in Frankenstein are more underlying they are vital to the structure of the story Free Essays

string(204) " she is given to Victor as a â€Å"†¦ pretty present†¦ † and Caroline’s wish that they should someday marry, is a further example of women’s lack of power over their futures\." Although the women’s characters in Frankenstein are more underlying they are vital to the structure of the story. Because not only do they add depth and give moral guidance to the male characters such as Walton and Victor Frankenstein, they are also full of kindness, compassion and social consciousness. This has the effect of stressing the importance of taking care of family and friendship and especially feminine influences in your life in order to retain both your humanity and sanity. We will write a custom essay sample on Although the women’s characters in Frankenstein are more underlying they are vital to the structure of the story or any similar topic only for you Order Now They represent the good women of the world and make it easier for the target audience of the time to identify with the story. Shelley also uses them to explore several themes such as the role of women in the society of the time. For example the way women were judged and valued only for their beauty and/or their usefulness to men. That the women in Frankenstein are not given a voice and that they seem not to have any opinions or power over their future, may be a comment from Shelley about the injustice of women’s treatment in her society. Walton’s letters to his sister Mrs Margaret Saville, have several effects. They make his account feel more personal and believable for the reader. Especially as the locations described in the novel are likely to be alien to them. The introduction of Mrs Saville, an English, middle class, married woman, would have made it easier for similar people to identify with the story and therefore bring the events closer to home for them. The letters also stress the importance of family. For example in Letter One, Walton is feeling low and lonely and says â€Å"†¦ I bitterly feel the want of a friend. I have no one near me gentle†¦ to approve or amend my plans. † which stresses the importance of friendship and sharing for a person’s mental well being and happiness. Then in Letter Two, after Walton has happened upon Victor, his spirits are significantly raised because he sees Victor as an equal and a potential friend. The letters also provide an early contrast between Walton and Victor and their attitudes. As Walton speaks of his â€Å"†¦ conviction that a man could boast little happiness, who did not enjoy this blessing. and Victor replies â€Å"†¦ I once had a friend, the most noble of human creatures†¦ But I – I have lost everything,†¦ â€Å". Therefore Shelley illustrates that by seeking his sister’s moral guidance, reassurance and love and by valuing friendship, Walton is more humane than Victor who has sacrificed everything and everyone to reach his goal. This may be a warning from Shelley of the possible disastrous consequences of isolation and the healing powers of friends and family. However, it is notable that Mrs Saville lacks a voice or opinion as her letters are not included. Her lack of voice may be a comment from Shelley that despite her obvious importance to her brother and indeed to his well being, her voice, views and opinions are of little importance to the world at large. The story of Victor’s mother Caroline, stresses the fact that at the time of writing a woman’s future was dependent upon the men in her life. Beaufort, a good friend of Victor’s father, flees from society in shame when he loses his wealth and as a result his health fails. As a consequence Caroline is forced to nurse him and take on menial work below her noble station in order for them to survive. That Victor says of his mother â€Å"But Caroline Beaufort possessed a mind of uncommon mould; and here courage rose to support her in her adversity. † it may be a comment from Shelley, in that despite her status as a lowly women she had the wit, intelligence and courage to find a way to survive with the need for a male supporter. Also it may be evidence of Shelley’s disgust at how unfair it was that a woman could only seek such low status and low paid employment, despite possessing equal intelligence and strength of character as that of a man. Victor’s father clearly values friendship highly and goes to great effort to seek out his friend. When he eventually finds him, it is too late to save Beaufort but he ‘rescues’, and eventually marries, Caroline. Thus saving her from what would almost certainly have been an existence of poverty and hardship alone with no family and friends to support her. The character or Caroline also portrays the way women bring compassion and social consciousness into society, when Victor says of he parents â€Å"Their benevolent disposition often made them enter the cottages of the poor. and that to his mother â€Å"†¦ it was more than a duty; it was a necessity, a passion – remembering what she had suffered†¦ † and that she was so caring and compassionate that she saw it has her duty â€Å"†¦ -for her to in her turn be guardian angel to the afflicted. † Indeed throughout the novel women are portrayed as virtual angels lacking any malice or negative influences. They are innocent victims, who meet undesirable ends at the hands of and due to the careless and violent actions of men. It is Caroline who adopts Elizabeth on finding her in one of the â€Å"†¦ cottages of the poor. It is notable, however, that it is not simply here ‘angelic’ nature that leads her to this action but also Elizabeth’s outstanding beauty and the rumours of her nobility. This is seen when it is said that by contrast to the four other â€Å"†¦ dark-eyed, hardy little vagrants;† â€Å"She appeared of different stock. † as â€Å"her hair was of the brightest living gold,†¦ † â€Å"†¦ her blue eyes cloudless,†¦ † and she was â€Å"†¦ fairer than a garden rose among the dark-leaved brambles. † So it is her beauty and the aforementioned rumours of a noble birth that save Elizabeth from a life of poverty. That she is given to Victor as a â€Å"†¦ pretty present†¦ † and Caroline’s wish that they should someday marry, is a further example of women’s lack of power over their futures. You read "Although the women’s characters in Frankenstein are more underlying they are vital to the structure of the story" in category "Papers" Elizabeth is a vital character in the novel as she provides a contrast within the Frankenstein family by which to compare Victor. Indeed Victor admits that she â€Å"†¦ was of a calmer more concentrated disposition;†¦ † than himself while his â€Å"†¦ temper was sometimes violent†¦ † and his â€Å"†¦ passions vehement,†¦ â€Å". Indeed, it is Elizabeth who takes motherly responsibility for the household when Caroline dies. However, despite this great responsibility she has little or no power. We also see the depth of Victor’s selfishness and disregard for others when despite the Creature’s threat to kill Elizabeth should Victor marry her, he goes ahead with it still. This action begs the question; if he loved her at all why marry her and put her in mortal peril? As had he not gone ahead with the marriage she may have survived. Again, excepting her letters, Elizabeth like Mrs Saville and Caroline lacks a voice. Further evidence of Victor’s disregard for others and the more compassionate nature of Elizabeth is seen when Justine is wrongly accused of the murder of their brother William. For although Victor knows that it was the Creature that killed him, he does nothing for fear of the discovery misdeeds in creating the Creature in the first place and also for fear of how it would appear to others. On the other hand Elizabeth, even though she has less of the facts, feels it is her moral responsibility as a friend to see justice is done. Aware of the detrimental affect it may have on her social standing and the evidence against Justine, in the form of the broach, she still speaks up for her in court to say that Justine had neither the nature, motive nor means to commit such an awful crime. This is, yet further evidence of the lack of value Victor places on friendship, family, loyalty and justice compared to Elizabeth. Justine too is adopted into the family, but is not as beautiful as Elizabeth and as a result, although she is a blood relation, she is treated as a special servant rather than a proper member of the family. This could be seen as a comment from Shelley on the unfairness of the value put on beauty and the unfairness of a class system that judges a persons moral worth by using their beauty and class position as a guide. Justine’s name may also be a play on words, in that is resembles Justice and ironically she receives non. Instead she is forced to confess to a crime she did not commit in order to save her soul. Justine’s character also illustrates the influence of the writings of Godwin on social and political justice and her mother’s feminist works on Shelley’s view of both political and female injustice within the society of the day. Both Safie and Agatha also play and important role, as it is by observing them that the Creature learns about many aspects of life. For example the Creature discovers deeper emotions within himself when he sees Agatha cry and hears man made music for the first time. However, the arrival of Safie is vital to the story as she provides a way for him to learn much more. Because she speaks a different language and is from a different culture, it is necessary for Agatha and her father to teach her their language and customs. By listening and observing her tuition, the Creature is able to gain a better understanding of the language and with the addition the some books he happens upon in the forest he learns to read. Also, due to Mr DeLacey’s minute attention to detail and eagerness to teach Safie as much as possible, the Creature gains valuable knowledge of many subjects. These include some history, a broader view of the world and its â€Å"†¦ empires†¦ â€Å", governments, religion, death, the difference between the sexes and the importance of family. He also learns more about the structure of society and the class system for example the value of possessions/wealth, lineage and family connections in relation to a persons place within society. Armed with this knowledge he begins to understand that as he has neither family, wealth nor possessions that he has little or no status within society and this compounded with his ugliness saddens him greatly. His ability to read also means that he is able to read Victor’s journal and learn of his creation, which is obviously vital as his memory of his creation was incomplete. His ability to read and the geographical knowledge he gains from Safie’s tuition also helps him in his search for Victor. However, Safie is and important character for other reasons to. In that her escape from non-Christian Asia and an undesirable existence in a Harem, to a Christian culture where by comparison women are free and â€Å"†¦ allowed to take rank in society,†¦ † may be a comment from Shelley that although the fate of women in the western world is unfair their fate is worse in some other cultures and religions. Safie’s story also gives the Creature hope as he sees that although her father was very unkind to the DeLacey family they welcome her into their home all the same. It is also a classic romantic tale of how love can conquer all, which would have appealed to the readership. In conclusion, I do not agree that the women in Frankenstein play an insignificant part in the story. Indeed without them the male characters would lack depth and the novel would have been less appealing to its audience. They bring the far away and foreign locations closer to home and make what is often an unbelievable story more believable. Without Safie’s character the Creature would not have been able to learn so easily or convincingly. Also Shelley’s views about women’s contribution to the balance of society, their relative lack of power, freedom or control over their future’s when compared to men could not have been expressed so strongly. Her point that society tends to judge people by appearances and wealth rather than their moral character and the misconceptions this causes could not have been made so convincingly. Overall I believe the story is strengthened and made more complete by their existence. How to cite Although the women’s characters in Frankenstein are more underlying they are vital to the structure of the story, Papers

Corporate Accounting In Pearson Education -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Corporate Accounting In Pearson Education? Answer: Introduction The company we selected is Transpacific Industries Group Ltd its name changed to Cleanaway Waste management it is a recycling and waste management company providing services to industries operating in Australia. Transpacific came into existence in August 1987 and listed on Australian Securities Exchange in May 2005. Requirements We did analyse the firms annual report of 2016. The firm has applied impairment test on goodwill that is only asset where firm applied the impairment test is on the goodwill allocated to the Cash Generating Unit. The goodwill is allocated in staffing, maintenance and marine.The CGUs to which goodwill is allocated (Staffing, Maintenance and Marine) are tested for impairment annually or the test can be conducted more frequently if the changes or the events indicate that the goodwill is impaired. The impairment test is done by reviewing the carrying amounts of the assets and group of assets to decide as if there is any symptom that those assets have undergone any impairment loss. If there is any such sign then the firm will guess the recoverable amount of such asset to access the degree or amount of impairment loss (Dagwell, Wines Ambert, 2015). Yes, the firm has recorded an impartment expenditure of $ 102397000 during the period. The impairment comprises the use of estimates and judgements that are not restricted to timing of the impairment and quantity of impairment. Significant judgements are made by the management about the estimation of the impairment indicators, that can be expectations of growth, changes in the competitive position, increase in cost of capital and many other issues that may lead to impairment like business restructuring. In addition this the management is required to make substantial estimations regarding the future cash flows of the firm and about the calculation of fair values while measuring the recoverable amount of the assets or the group of assets. The conventions and estimations are made about the forecasted earnings before interest and tax and future cash flows, applicable discount rates, growth rates, residual value and useful life of the asset. The estimates, judgements and assumptions which are made by management for assessing the impairment are based on forecasted as well cu rrent market situations. Changes in operating and economic situations will impact these assumptions that would result in the recognition of changes in impairment in future periods. The Recoverable amount of (CGU) that is Cash Generating Unit is based on the value in use which is calculated by using the pre-tax cash flow projections which are based on the financial budget of 2017 approved by the directors of the firm, which is then extrapolated for four years at a growth rate of 2% (between 1.70% and 1.80%) and pre-tax discount rate used is 12.20%. The cash flow projections of this period are based on the gross margins which were expected to be same throughout this period. These are substantially consistent with the gross margins of 2016. The cash flows which are beyond that five year period are generalized using the growth rate of 2.50% per annum. This growth rate is not over the long term average growth rate used in the business markets of Australia. Based on the above assessment, the Directors concluded that the carrying amount of Goodwill and other intangibles will not go beyond its Recoverable amount (Annual Report, 2016). The company did the impairment test and identified the impairment loss. It was companies contention that if the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit is less than the carrying amount then the impairment loss will be first allocated to reduce the carrying amount of goodwill if any distributed to the CGU and then to the other assets of the CGU in proportionate amount. The impairment loss of goodwill is directly transferred to profit and loss account and is not to be reversed in the subsequent years (AASB 136, 2009). Fair Value measurement is all about the price to be received at the point of sale or to transfer the asset. Fair value is market based measurement and not to be called as an entity based measurement. The firm also did the fair value measurement following the criteria used in the market. The fair value is calculated using the cash forecast of 5 years. Referring to the case, the IASB chairman believes that previous lease accounting standard does not shows economic reality. Reasons being, under current accounting standard, more than 85% of leases are recognized as operating leases and are not reported on the balance sheet of the company. Though they are off balance sheet, they create real liabilities and it becomes difficult for the major sectors like retail industry to adjust with the new economic reality during financial crisis. The fact that companies are allowed to be discrete about their operating leases, leads to faulty representation of companys financial position and investors find it difficult to compare and contrast the economic condition of separate entities. Moreover, the information, investors and analysts receive from the balance sheet is not true and reliable for doing analysis. This is why the chairperson feels that former lease standard does not reflect economic reality. According to old standard, when a lease is recognized to be similar to a purchase of an asset, it is considered as financial lease and is reported in companys balance sheet. All the other remaining leases are considered to be operating lease and are not reported. These are called off balance sheet lease liabilities (Iasplus.com, 2017). Entities reporting under former lease accounting standard have their off balance sheet lease liabilities 66 times greater than reported debt. The reason for this much difference is reporting requirements of the standard. The companies are not required to record their operating leases leading to the flawed presentation of its financial condition. As they are not recorded, so the investors and other people are not aware about the same. They can trade these lease liabilities in any manner and as and when they required. Having off balance sheet leases, helps the company to keep their debt equity ratio low. In the case given, the chairperson argued that there is no level playing field between some airlines companies in respect to their reporting formats. Airline entities working under old lease standard will report their leases as required but the competitor company which bought their product make a different entry in its books of accounts. The airline company, which leases its fleet may recognize it as an operating lease and does not report about the same in its balance sheet. On the other side, the competitor company which purchases its fleet will recognize it as a finance lease because it is considered to be similar to the purchase of an underlying asset. This finance lease will be reported in the balance sheet of the competitor. The difference between such reporting formats and requirements makes it difficult to compare the financial statements of both the airline entities. This is why the chairperson said that, former lease standard does not provide a same level to compare between two companies (Deloitte UK. 2016). Introduction of new lease standard will mainly impact airline industry, retail and shipping sector. As the chairperson said, it will not be popular among everyone. The reason for this unpopularity may be the retaliation by the companies towards the new standard. IASB has established IFRS 16, a new lease standard which will replace IAS 17 and will be effective from 2019. Under this standard, the leasing requirements for the lessee will be changed as they have to record all the leases on the balance sheet and the classification as operating and finance will be eliminated (KPMG, 2016). Another reason is that the reporting of all leases will increase the assets and liabilities which results in changes in the key financial ratios. Companies debt equity ratio may increase because of this (Morales-Daz and Zamora-Ramrez, 2017). The IFRS 16 will bring certain changes in the lease accounting. By complying with this standard, companies will be able to reflect true and fair position of the finances in their financial statements. This will ultimately help the investors to take correct decision and accurately evaluate the financial performance of the companies. Comparability will become easier which results in better decisions regarding lease or buy. The new format will bring a single lessee accounting model which removes the classification of off balance sheet and on balance sheet lease liabilities. Reporting all the leases in the annual financial statements will provide analysts with the true and reliable figures. Moreover, IFRS 16 will results in better allocation of capital, which will be advantageous for economic growth (IFRS 16, 2016). References: AASB 136, 2009. Impairment of Assets, Accessed on 29-01-2018, from https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB136_07-04_COMPjun09_01-10.pdf. Annual Report, 2016. Transpacific Industries Group Ltd, Accessed on 29-01-2018, from https://programmed.com.au/media/65229/13-programmed-2016-annual-report.pdf. Dagwell, R., Wines, G. Ambert, C., 2015. Corporate Accounting in Australia, Pearson Higher education. IFRS 16, 2016.The Leases Standard is Changing, Pwc.com. Retrieved 29 January 2018, from https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/audit-assurance/assets/ifrs-16-new-leases.pdf IFRS 16 Leases | Deloitte UK. 2016.Deloitte United Kingdom. Retrieved 29 January 2018, from https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/audit/articles/ifrs-16-leases.html Iasplus.com. 2017.IAS 17 Leases. [Online] Available at: https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias17 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2018]. Morales-Daz, J. and Zamora-Ramrez, C., 2017. Effects of IFRS 16 on Key Financial Ratios: A New Methological Approach. KPMG. Retrieved 29 January 2018, from https://www.in.kpmg.com/ifrs/files/first-impressions-leases-IFRS16.pdf

Corporate Accounting In Pearson Education -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Corporate Accounting In Pearson Education? Answer: Introduction The company we selected is Transpacific Industries Group Ltd its name changed to Cleanaway Waste management it is a recycling and waste management company providing services to industries operating in Australia. Transpacific came into existence in August 1987 and listed on Australian Securities Exchange in May 2005. Requirements We did analyse the firms annual report of 2016. The firm has applied impairment test on goodwill that is only asset where firm applied the impairment test is on the goodwill allocated to the Cash Generating Unit. The goodwill is allocated in staffing, maintenance and marine.The CGUs to which goodwill is allocated (Staffing, Maintenance and Marine) are tested for impairment annually or the test can be conducted more frequently if the changes or the events indicate that the goodwill is impaired. The impairment test is done by reviewing the carrying amounts of the assets and group of assets to decide as if there is any symptom that those assets have undergone any impairment loss. If there is any such sign then the firm will guess the recoverable amount of such asset to access the degree or amount of impairment loss (Dagwell, Wines Ambert, 2015). Yes, the firm has recorded an impartment expenditure of $ 102397000 during the period. The impairment comprises the use of estimates and judgements that are not restricted to timing of the impairment and quantity of impairment. Significant judgements are made by the management about the estimation of the impairment indicators, that can be expectations of growth, changes in the competitive position, increase in cost of capital and many other issues that may lead to impairment like business restructuring. In addition this the management is required to make substantial estimations regarding the future cash flows of the firm and about the calculation of fair values while measuring the recoverable amount of the assets or the group of assets. The conventions and estimations are made about the forecasted earnings before interest and tax and future cash flows, applicable discount rates, growth rates, residual value and useful life of the asset. The estimates, judgements and assumptions which are made by management for assessing the impairment are based on forecasted as well cu rrent market situations. Changes in operating and economic situations will impact these assumptions that would result in the recognition of changes in impairment in future periods. The Recoverable amount of (CGU) that is Cash Generating Unit is based on the value in use which is calculated by using the pre-tax cash flow projections which are based on the financial budget of 2017 approved by the directors of the firm, which is then extrapolated for four years at a growth rate of 2% (between 1.70% and 1.80%) and pre-tax discount rate used is 12.20%. The cash flow projections of this period are based on the gross margins which were expected to be same throughout this period. These are substantially consistent with the gross margins of 2016. The cash flows which are beyond that five year period are generalized using the growth rate of 2.50% per annum. This growth rate is not over the long term average growth rate used in the business markets of Australia. Based on the above assessment, the Directors concluded that the carrying amount of Goodwill and other intangibles will not go beyond its Recoverable amount (Annual Report, 2016). The company did the impairment test and identified the impairment loss. It was companies contention that if the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit is less than the carrying amount then the impairment loss will be first allocated to reduce the carrying amount of goodwill if any distributed to the CGU and then to the other assets of the CGU in proportionate amount. The impairment loss of goodwill is directly transferred to profit and loss account and is not to be reversed in the subsequent years (AASB 136, 2009). Fair Value measurement is all about the price to be received at the point of sale or to transfer the asset. Fair value is market based measurement and not to be called as an entity based measurement. The firm also did the fair value measurement following the criteria used in the market. The fair value is calculated using the cash forecast of 5 years. Referring to the case, the IASB chairman believes that previous lease accounting standard does not shows economic reality. Reasons being, under current accounting standard, more than 85% of leases are recognized as operating leases and are not reported on the balance sheet of the company. Though they are off balance sheet, they create real liabilities and it becomes difficult for the major sectors like retail industry to adjust with the new economic reality during financial crisis. The fact that companies are allowed to be discrete about their operating leases, leads to faulty representation of companys financial position and investors find it difficult to compare and contrast the economic condition of separate entities. Moreover, the information, investors and analysts receive from the balance sheet is not true and reliable for doing analysis. This is why the chairperson feels that former lease standard does not reflect economic reality. According to old standard, when a lease is recognized to be similar to a purchase of an asset, it is considered as financial lease and is reported in companys balance sheet. All the other remaining leases are considered to be operating lease and are not reported. These are called off balance sheet lease liabilities (Iasplus.com, 2017). Entities reporting under former lease accounting standard have their off balance sheet lease liabilities 66 times greater than reported debt. The reason for this much difference is reporting requirements of the standard. The companies are not required to record their operating leases leading to the flawed presentation of its financial condition. As they are not recorded, so the investors and other people are not aware about the same. They can trade these lease liabilities in any manner and as and when they required. Having off balance sheet leases, helps the company to keep their debt equity ratio low. In the case given, the chairperson argued that there is no level playing field between some airlines companies in respect to their reporting formats. Airline entities working under old lease standard will report their leases as required but the competitor company which bought their product make a different entry in its books of accounts. The airline company, which leases its fleet may recognize it as an operating lease and does not report about the same in its balance sheet. On the other side, the competitor company which purchases its fleet will recognize it as a finance lease because it is considered to be similar to the purchase of an underlying asset. This finance lease will be reported in the balance sheet of the competitor. The difference between such reporting formats and requirements makes it difficult to compare the financial statements of both the airline entities. This is why the chairperson said that, former lease standard does not provide a same level to compare between two companies (Deloitte UK. 2016). Introduction of new lease standard will mainly impact airline industry, retail and shipping sector. As the chairperson said, it will not be popular among everyone. The reason for this unpopularity may be the retaliation by the companies towards the new standard. IASB has established IFRS 16, a new lease standard which will replace IAS 17 and will be effective from 2019. Under this standard, the leasing requirements for the lessee will be changed as they have to record all the leases on the balance sheet and the classification as operating and finance will be eliminated (KPMG, 2016). Another reason is that the reporting of all leases will increase the assets and liabilities which results in changes in the key financial ratios. Companies debt equity ratio may increase because of this (Morales-Daz and Zamora-Ramrez, 2017). The IFRS 16 will bring certain changes in the lease accounting. By complying with this standard, companies will be able to reflect true and fair position of the finances in their financial statements. This will ultimately help the investors to take correct decision and accurately evaluate the financial performance of the companies. Comparability will become easier which results in better decisions regarding lease or buy. The new format will bring a single lessee accounting model which removes the classification of off balance sheet and on balance sheet lease liabilities. Reporting all the leases in the annual financial statements will provide analysts with the true and reliable figures. Moreover, IFRS 16 will results in better allocation of capital, which will be advantageous for economic growth (IFRS 16, 2016). References: AASB 136, 2009. Impairment of Assets, Accessed on 29-01-2018, from https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB136_07-04_COMPjun09_01-10.pdf. Annual Report, 2016. Transpacific Industries Group Ltd, Accessed on 29-01-2018, from https://programmed.com.au/media/65229/13-programmed-2016-annual-report.pdf. Dagwell, R., Wines, G. Ambert, C., 2015. Corporate Accounting in Australia, Pearson Higher education. IFRS 16, 2016.The Leases Standard is Changing, Pwc.com. Retrieved 29 January 2018, from https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/audit-assurance/assets/ifrs-16-new-leases.pdf IFRS 16 Leases | Deloitte UK. 2016.Deloitte United Kingdom. Retrieved 29 January 2018, from https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/audit/articles/ifrs-16-leases.html Iasplus.com. 2017.IAS 17 Leases. [Online] Available at: https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias17 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2018]. Morales-Daz, J. and Zamora-Ramrez, C., 2017. Effects of IFRS 16 on Key Financial Ratios: A New Methological Approach. KPMG. Retrieved 29 January 2018, from https://www.in.kpmg.com/ifrs/files/first-impressions-leases-IFRS16.pdf

An Arundel Tomb Essay Example

An Arundel Tomb Essay A poem in which the poet explores the significance of the passage of time is An Arundel Tomb by Philip Larkin. Larkin uses techniques such as, imagery and word choice to achieve this. Immediately, the title of the poem makes the reader consider the importance of the theme of time. An Arundel Tomb, when broken down to each single word the connotations are; An portraying only one; Arundel a town near Chichester in England where this tomb is actually present; and Tomb, the word tomb gives away the poem most because it makes you begin to think about how tombs are usually only for rich people and were mostly for people who were of some sort of royalty or importance and also the idea of death, people only go into the tomb after they have died. The people who the tomb was made for was an earl and countess which kind of proves the point about people being rich to afford a tomb. Similarly, the structure of the poem highlights Larkins concern with the passage of time, the poem is written in seven stanzas with an ABBCAC regular rhyme scheme. Each stanza is written in a neat way with every stanza having six lines. The neat structure of the poem mimics the way the effigies are lying still, next to each other, Side by side, their faces blurred The impression I get from the regular structure of the poem is that art can withstand the erosion of time, which connects to the passage of time which is the overall theme of this particular poem. Larkin also uses similes and metaphors to illuminate the passage of time, he uses the idea of relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on An Arundel Tomb specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on An Arundel Tomb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on An Arundel Tomb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Larkin also uses word choice and phrases such as clasped jointed and holding her hand to bring the point across that these people did love each other however , the idea of the lack of clarity is also emphasised therefore relationships are not always clear. Lack of clarity appears quite often in the poem, the first line of the poem reads to outsiders their faces blurred and then in the second line the word lie is written, these two words together make you think about it in a little more detail, that there faces are blurred because they arent telling the truth.

January Writing Prompts for Student Journals

January Writing Prompts for Student Journals Students return from the winter break during the first week of January. With the new year comes resolutions and a desire to do better. January is a great time to start students on daily writing assignments. These can be in the form of warmups or journal entries. The ideas provide writing prompts for each day of the month. Daily Writing Prompts Having a writing prompt handy for each day of the month can ease teacher planning. The numeral before each prompt represents the date in January. New Years resolutions: Many people begin the new year with a list of resolutions. Write about three of your New Years resolutions and explain what steps you need to take to make them come true.Goal setting: Goal setting is an important part of creating an ideal future for yourself. Come up with a one-year goal, a three-year goal and a 10-year goal for yourself. Then write about three steps that you will take to accomplish each of these goals.J.R.R. Tolkiens birthday: Discuss your feelings on fantasy and science fiction. Do you enjoy these types of books? Explain why or why not.Isaac Newtons birthday: Explain what Newton meant by the following quote: If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.National Bird Day: When the United States was founded, Benjamin Franklin argued that the national bird should be the turkey. Instead, the bald eagle was selected. Was this a good choice or should the Founding Fathers have gone with the turkey instead? Give reasons for your answer. Sherlock Holmes birthday: Today is the birthday of fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. Do you like mysteries? If so, tell about your favorite mystery book, television series, or movie. If not, explain why you dont like them. Alternatively, write about Little Christmas or the Epiphany. Many cultures celebrate a second Christmas on this date. What celebrations would you like to see twice a year?Winter break: Describe the best thing that happened to you over winter break.Elvis Presleys birthday: What is your favorite type of music? Your least favorite? Explain your reasons for each.Seasons: What is your favorite season? Why?United Nations Day: What is your opinion about Americas participation in the U.N.? Or, what  is your opinion on the effectiveness of the U.N. in negotiating world peace?Death of Francis Scott Key: On this day in 1843, Francis Scott Key died. He penned the lyrics of the Star-Spangled Banner. What is your opinion about the use of this song as a political protest (su ch as NFL Players kneeling)? Do you put your hand over your heart and stand in respect when the national anthem is played? Should athletes be required to do so? National Pharmacist Day: Meat producers around the nation typically put low levels of antibiotics in the animals food to help promote growth. However, some people are concerned that this leads to antibiotic-resistant bacteria in humans. The meat industry argues that if it were unable to include antibiotics, the cost of meat would dramatically increase. Do you think that the meat industry should be forced to stop using these antibiotics? Defend your answer.Make Your Dreams Come True Day: What is a dream that you have for your future? Describe this dream and explain the steps you can take right away to help make it come true.Benedict Arnolds birthday: React to the following statement: One mans traitor is another mans hero.Super Bowl hype: Do you watch the Super Bowl for the game, the ads or both? Explain your answer.Passage of the 18th Amendment: This amendment  to the U.S. Constitution prohibited â€Å"the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors† but not the consumption, private possession, or production for one’s own consumption. Currently, a large number of states and the District of Columbia have laws broadly legalizing marijuana in some form, but marijuana is still against federal law. Should states have the right  to allow  marijuana be regulated like alcohol? Benjamin Franklins birthday: What was Franklins most important contribution to America?Winnie-the-Pooh Day: Which character from Winnie-the-Pooh do you think is most like you? Explain your answer.Popcorn Day: What is your favorite movie? Or, who is your favorite film director? Why?Presidential Inauguration Day: What qualities does it take to be an effective president of the United States? Or, what makes a president of the United States ineffective? What evidence do you have to support your answer?Martin Luther Kings birthday: King stated in his famous I Have a Dream speech: I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. What is your opinion on how close America has come to fulfilling  Kings dream? What evidence do you have to support your opinion?National Hobby Month: What is your favorite hobby? What makes it your favorite?National Blood Donors Month: Should b lood donors be paid to donate blood? Explain your answer. California Gold Rush: If you had lived in the 1840s when gold was discovered in California, do you think that you would have traveled West to take part? Why or why not?National Opposite Day: What would you do differently if you were the teacher in this class? Or, what is the opposite reaction that you have from your family on a topic (politics, music, technology)? Why do you react differently?Australia Day: Have you ever traveled out of the country? If so, describe the similarities and differences between the country you visited and America. If not, explain which countries youd like to visit and why.Lewis Carrolls birthday: Which character from Alice in Wonderland would you most want to meet? Which would you least like to meet? Why?Jackson Pollocks birthday: What is your opinion of modern art? Do you like it or hate it? Why?Thomas Paines birthday: Do you agree with the following statement by Thomas Paine: Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state , an intolerable one. Explain your answer. Franklin Roosevelts birthday: Franklin Roosevelt was elected to four terms as president. After this, the 22nd Amendment was passed limiting the president to two terms or 10 years. Do you think that there should be term limits for presidents? What about for senators and representatives? Explain your answer.Jackie Robinsons birthday: Robinson was the first African-American to play baseball in the Major Leagues. Many praised him for his courage. How do you define courage? Give examples of people who you think are courageous.

Should the Building Engineer Belong to the Religious Organization Case Study

Should the Building Engineer Belong to the Religious Organization - Case Study Example Amos, 483 U.S. 327 (1987)† (2011), â€Å"Appellee Mayson, who had been employed at a [building] associated with [the LDS Church], was discharged because he failed to qualify for a certificate that he was a member of the Church and eligible to attend its temples†¦[which violated the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]† (pgh. 1). The outcome of the case, which basically allowed Mr. Mayson to be discriminated against by the LDS, was shocking in many ways. First of all, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (also known as the LDS Church) is a church that would not be thought to be discriminatory as they consider themselves a Christian group which follows the example of Jesus. On the other hand, the Latter-Day Saints reserve the right to hire whoever they want to hire for their particular position, and since this church is a religious (and therefore, private) organization, it can choose to hire and fire anyone it pleases. There could be a numerous variet y of reasons why the LDS Church would have preferred a building engineer who shared the same faith. Perhaps he came into contact with parishioners of the church on a regular basis and it was assumed that if he were Mormon, he would encourage the spirit of kinsmanship through being a fellow Mormon.

Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Corporate Strategy - Essay Example It is a fully owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America. The music company operates globally and includes a roster inclusive of a broad range of artists, both international superstars and local artists (Sony Music Entertainment, 2011). Data revealed from the financial results of the company during the year 2010 suggest that there was a decrease in the operating revenue and sales figures by 6.7% in comparison to its performance of the previous year (y-o-y). The sales figure was hit during the year 2010 due to the decrease in the sale of devices and consumer products. However, it is also evident that the decrease in the sale of this segment was moderately offset by that of the segment of financial services of the company. Due to depreciation in the value of Yen against both US dollar and Euro, the sale of the Sony in Japan suffered the crisis. However, there was an increment in the operating profit of the company by 259.6 billion Yen (Sony News and Information, 2010). Sony Music has however effectively managed to come out of the crisis and during recent times, the company has ultimately surpassed Universal Music Group through market share in the overall US market. The market share of Sony Music in the overall album segment including albums equivalent to tracks stood at 29.35% as of the end of the week on April 24, 2011. According to Nielson SoundScan, this percentage figure is only a few points above that of the Universal Music Group that stood at 29.26% during the same period (Christman, 2011). The neck-to-neck percentage figure of the market share suggests that there prevails cutthroat competition in the music industry. Apart from the Universal Music Group, the biggest competitors of the Sony Music are EMI Group Limited and Warner Music Group Corp. In this industry, demand of the products or the music publications is driven by spending of the consumers. The companies’ profitability is dependent on promotion of new talent of music and also discovery of those talents. The companies in this industry operate through generation of revenue from its assets whose base is created by publications and recordings. Large companies in this industry such as that of Sony Music hold the advantage of both distribution and marketing. The smaller companies dwelling in this industry are generally referred to as ‘indies’ and these companies compete by concentrating on local artists and varieties of music (Christman, 2011). 2. Internal Resources and Culture Analysis 2.1 Financial Resources The music segment of Sony that comprises of operations of the US based Sony Music Entertainment (SME) and Sony Music Entertainment (Japan) Inc. (SMEJ) generated sales of 522.6 billion yen during the year 2010 that rose by 35% from the previous year’s performance. Simultaneously, the operating income also increased by 31.1% and rose to 36.5 billion yen from 27.8 billion yen during the past year of 2009. The increment figure of sales in the musi c segment has only been due to the fact that although the segment had begun its operation during the month of October 2008, the sales figure has been considered for the full year on a consolidated basis. Had the sales figure been considered otherwise, there would have been a decrement in sales by 5%. On the other hand, considering the operating inc

Poetry in Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poetry in - Assignment Example At the deathbed, the persona is willingly distributing earthly possessions to heirs, only for a buzzing fly to unexpectedly interrupt the will-assignment process. In this context, the fly is a symbol used to reinforce the idea of earthly distractions while trying to achieve spiritual composure just before death (Bennett 82). Admittedly, Emily Dickinson intended to demonstrate the element of skepticism or lack of absolute certainty common during inevitable but tragic situations in human life. Technically, the poet employed the literary device of symbolism in delineating mental and spiritual conflicts experienced by humans before dying. In the first line of the poem, the persona says, â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz – when I died.† In essence, the persona is already dead. However, the persona is reminiscent of the moments just before death struck. In this case, the buzzing fly is a symbol; a symbol of earthly distractions and a symbol of how man relates with distractions in the natural world. After the poem’s first line, the symbolic effect of the buzzing fly fades, until when the fly abruptly interrupts the persona while distributing earthly possessions to those present at the deathbed. In lines ten, eleven and twelve of the poem, the persona says, â€Å"I willed my Keepsakes – Signed away what portion of me be assignable – and then it was there interposed a Fly† (Frederic and Mason 591). In this case, the buzzing fly re-enters the room and invariably distract the dying persona from his will-assignment duties. Before the buzzing fly entered the room for the second time, the perso na had achieved a state of calm and resolved spiritual composure. The achieved spiritual calmness at the dying moments is illustrated by lines two, three and four of the poem which says, â€Å"The stillness in the room was like the stillness in the air between the heaves of storm† (Frederic and Mason 591). In this case, the dying persona was experiencing

Investigation of Unknown Carbohydrate

Investigation of Unknown Carbohydrate INTRODUCTION From the name itself, Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbons that are polar in nature. The building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccharides which are simple sugars due to their low molecular weight. Carbohydrates are the product of photosynthesis from the condensation of carbon dioxide that requires light and chlorophyll. Carbohydrates have a vital role in the nutrition of organisms since it is the major source of energy. ATP is energy released by plants and it is the needed by the body to function accordingly. Carbohydrates have different structures thus it gives distinct reactions to various reagents depending on its chemical composition. It can be grouped into monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides could be classified as polyhrdoxy aldoses or ketoses. These are the simplest carbohydrates that cannot be broken down into smaller aggregates. These are aldehydes that contain two or more hydroxyl groups. Disaccharides are two simple sugars that are linked together by a glycosidic bond- an ether bond formed from the merging of two hydroxyl groups between monosaccharides. Polysaccharides, on the other hand, are made up of multiple sugar units attached to a group of disaccharides. They are formed by a glycosidic linkage. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the identification of the unknown carbohydrates samples, 1.00 ml of two unknown samples were transferred in a test tube and 1.00 ml of Molisch reagents was added as well as 1.00 ml of concentrated . For each of the tests- Iodine test, Benedicts test, Barfoeds test, Seliwanoffs test and 2,4-DNP test, fresh samples were needed for each. Table 1 shows the needed amount of reagent for each test for a qualitative analysis. The identity of the two unknown samples was then distinguished based on the reaction of the given set of carbohydrates. For the hydrolysis of starch, 50.00 ml of 5% starch solution was placed in a 100 ml beaker. About 5.00 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was added. Covering the beaker with aluminum foil, it was then heated until boiled in a water bath. About 1.00 ml of the sample was placed in two separate test tubes with the addition of 1.00 ml of iodine reagent to one and 1.00 ml of Benedicts reagent to the other. The sample was heated continuously. With an interval of 5 minutes, 1.00 ml of the sample was transferred into two separate tees tubes once again and with the addition of the iodine and Benedicts reagent until a blue-black precipitate is formed with the iodine reagent and a brick red color with the Benedicts reagent. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 shows the desired color change of the carbohydrates upon the addition of certain reagents. Molischs test is a general test for carbohydrates that determines the presence of carbonyl groups, which gives off a deep purple colored substance. The Iodine test gives off a blue-black colored complex as a positive reaction towards iodine. Benedicts test determines the identity of the reducing sugars which results to an orange-rust color. Barfoeds test has the same purpose as Benedicts test for determining the reducing sugars, but this Barfoeds test gives off a positive test for reducing monossaccharides only. Seliwanoffs test determines the presence of aldoses and ketoses, only the ketoses give off a positive reaction resulting to a brick red color. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine or the 2.4-DNP test determines the reaction of monosaccharides that gives off yellow- black crystals of osazones that intensifies the color of the substance. Molischs test is a general test for carbohydrates. Concentrated sulfuric acid was added producing a deep purple colored substance. The carbohydrate undergoes dehydration wherein water was released upon the addition of sulfuric acid. Pentoses and hexoses react with the sulfuric acid resulting to the positive color change. For the Iodine test, the only sugar that reacted was starch. Starch is a polysaccharide- a mixture of amylose and amylopectin. An amylose forms a helical structure in water. Iodine could easily penetrate through the helical structure, since monosaccharides and disaccharides arent too small they do not react with iodine. Upon the penetration of the iodine to the core of the helix, it produces a blue-black colored substance. When heated, the blue color disappears because the helical ring of the amylose is disrupted. Iodine is does not have the capacity to bind itself back to helix. The blue color returns when the starch is cooled. The iodine can now bind back to the helix. Benedicts test identifies the reducing sugars, the monosaccharides and the disaccharides. This reagent is a weak oxidizing reagent. Cuprous oxide was converted from cuprous hydroxide. The former determines the presence of the reducing sugar. Seliwanoffs test differentiates ketoses from aldoses. The ketose yields a brick red color upon the addition of heat. Ketose undergoes dehydration when diluted in HCl and heated. Barfoeds test identifies the reducing sugars as well, but this test is specific only for monosaccharides. Carbohydrates exposed to the Barfoed reagent, a mixture of copper acetate and glacial acetic acid, undergoes reduction. The reducing monosaccharide reduces the cupric ions to cuprous ions in acidic medium (4). The cuprous ions formed in turn, reduce the colorless phosphomolybdic acid to blue phosphomolybdous acid (4). The positive color change for monosaccharides was exhibited by a deep blue color, while the disaccharide exhibited a light blue color. The 2,4- DNP test is a general test for carbohydrates. This determines the presence of aldehydes and ketones. The aldoses and ketoses are quite similar. The reducing sugars produce a positive test. The identity of starch could be easily distinguished through the iodine test. When the starch is hydrolyzed it can have a positive result in the Benedicts test. The acetal linkages in starch are hydrolyzed in hot aqueous acid (6). Benedicts test is a useful test in detecting the sugar concentration in the urine of a patient diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The color of the precipitate gives an approximate percentage of sugar excreted in the urine (4). The color determines the percentage of sugar present in the urine. If the precipitate is blue, sugar is absent, green if there are 0-0.5% sugar, yellow if 1% sugar, orange if 1.5% sugar, and red if 2% sugar or more.

Religious Beliefs :: Religion History Essays Papers

Religious Beliefs Today's religious beliefs, governmental structures, laws and traditions of social behavior find their roots in the development of three main belief systems - Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Although other religious movements have developed throughout the years, these three belief systems have had the most impact on civilizations of the West. To better understand this impact, it is important to trace the development of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and review the relationships between them. While each belief system is unique, there are many similarities due to their common beginnings. The philosophies and traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam most prominently begin with the founder of the Hebrews known as Abraham ca 1800 BCE Historically, these teachings were also subscribed by nomadic tribes, which settled in present day Palestine, near Mt. Sinai. The people of these tribes did not label themselves as Hebrews, and referred to God as the god of Abraham. This came about as God promised Abraham a son, and in the course of the events doubting that is old wife could give him a son, he had Ishmael with his maid, Hagar, and then later God's prophecy would be fulfilled with the birth of Isaac, by his wife Sarha. Due to their belief system, the tribe proliferated the idea that Isaac and his descendants were chosen by God to carry forward Abraham's holy lineage. Isaac was the forefather of what was to become the 12 tribes of Israel, while Ishmael and his descendents were to constitute a different Semitic tribe and follow Arabic traditions. The term Judaism came about after the establishment of the state of Israel when the tribes divided into two, the northern and Judas kingdoms, ca 922-587 BCE The customs and belief systems of these nomadic tribes to be later identified as Arab tribes were very similar to the Hebrews'; however, the Arab tribes developed in some subtle ways. They remained nomadic, whereas the Hebrews tended to follow the teachings of the Holy Scriptures to the achievement of The Promised Land. As for the Arab nomadic tribes because of this development, a centralized governing agent who organized the religion did not develop as it did with the Hebrews. In approximately ca 1290-1250 BCE, Moses further supplemented both traditions with a covenant between God and his believers. Moses married Zipphora, from a different Semitic tribe, (Ishmael descendants?) as they referred to God as the God of Abrahim; this would indicate the strong similarity of beliefs and customs between the Hebrew and Arab tribes at that time.

Reaction Paper in Top Secret Essay

At the age of 16, what are you doing at this age? Ordinary teenagers at this age used to go to school particularly high school, and enjoy their teenage years. Aside from this routine, teenagers may earn money by different stuffs around them. Most of the teenagers enjoy playing online computer games as for now. And who knows you can use this stuff to earn money and lead your first step to become a successful entrepreneur or I should say technopreneur. Like Ittipat who is now a successful businessman. I just can’t imagine how these young people became successful in their life in a simple way like using technology. Ittipat made his first step when someone offer the money to buy the equipment of the online game he was addicted. Of course that way is illegal but he does not think the risk about that. Maybe this is the starter for Top to think about the business. But likes the other gamer addictive he forget his duty as a student, always playing game every day. Because of that he always get low score in his school and he didnt make up to enter state university of Thailand. Until his account became unable to use because of the transaction that he did in the game. And one day when he bought some DVD units but he was cheated by the seller of the DVD. But he didn’t give up. He try other business and like the other successful businessman, he went through many struggles in life like his family go to Shanghai because of the debt in bank, broke up with her girlfriend and many more. But he keeps trying to reach success. And when he start his own business on fried chestnuts and he is earning the management prohibited him because of the smoke that is from his roasting machine. So the sales were dropped. His life is so hard in the early age, where he should enjoy his youth that the time. And when he turns 19 he created new product which are dried food and seaweed snacks called â€Å"Tae kae Noi† and that product brought him to the top! I think he got that idea when he ate dried seaweed from his girlfriend. His product became the best selling product and took over Chestnuts sales. And it grows faster when he entered it in 7-eleven. His business grows fast and he paid all the debt of his father and now the owner of a company. From an online gamer addict to a successful businessman and a billionaire and that is Ittipa! I am very amazed to this story of Ittipat. This will be a great inspiration to all new entrepreneurs around the world. He also proves the saying try and try until you find success. Before, he was  underestimated by his teachers and I’m sure that these people were very proud of him especially his parents that never thought of the thing that their son although is not committed to studies became a successful businessman. And lifted them up from their old life. Ittipa showed his industry and his great mind in reaching for his success with the help of the people around them especially God. Victory in life is sweeter because you worked hard of it But I think to my fellow teenagers like me, I advice to don’t forget studies for the simple enjoyment form playing computer games. We can be all like Ittipa, and we can find our own success in our own way. We know that if we do something to reach the dream, we just can’t give up that easily to reach that. If there’s a will there’s a way.

How to Write a Research Paper on Bullying

How to Write a Research Paper on Bullying Research Paper on Bullying How to start a research paper on bullying Tips on how to start Example of an outline Example of an introduction for a bullying research paper Example of a thesis How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on bullying Tips on body writing The 1st body paragraph The 2nd body paragraph The 3rd body paragraph How to finish a research paper on bullying Tips on conclusion writing Example of a conclusion for a bullying research paper Tips on revising a research paper How to start a research paper on bullying Start writing about bullying by creating an introduction. A writer should know that bullying is one of the most sensitive scenarios that we encounter in our modern society. Conducting a research on bullying is important because it provides an idea about bullying that occurs in all kinds of backgrounds and areas around the world. You can research the topic on the internet, library or by using scientific journals about bullying. Tips on how to start Before starting, you should introduce the topic of bullying. This includes discussing the meaning of bullying and the prevalence rate (if any) to a certain society where this type of a scenario is considered as a disturbing event to the community. The rationale of providing an introductory paragraph is to allow the audience to appreciate the topic that will be discussed in the research paper. Example of an outline I. Introduction about Bullying A. How negative is bullying B. Who is affected by bullying? II. Body Section A. Factors affecting bullying B. Consequences of bullying C. Solutions against bullying IV. Conclusion A. Relating bullying as a story B. Restating the thesis statement Example of an introduction for a bullying research paper Criminal elements have been known to bring risks in our society because it poses a greater risk of a safety threat, psychological suffering, and mental health problems. However, bullying is another term wherein law enforcement agencies fail to reconsider. The reason behind is that bullying was not often reported by schools or households due to lack of understanding of the scenario. Example of a thesis If a person experiences violence, verbal abuse, intimidation and coercion on a repeated occasion, they are now being bullied. Bullying commonly takes place in schools where students become vulnerable outside their home, students who are out of reach by their parents. This research paper seeks to determine the outcomes of bullying which is responsible for causing an irreversible harm towards the affected population. How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on bullying In order to write body paragraphs, you should divide several sections in the body section of the research paper. You will have to set a paragraph intended to discuss the factors affecting bullying towards a certain household or school. Secondly, indicate the type of bullying addressed towards a group of victims or a single individual affected by the scenario. Third, the effects of bullying along with the corresponding management of this activity towards the affected individual that will mitigate the risk of being bullied by the offending party. Tips on body writing Be consistent with the discussion of each sentence, phrase, or segments of the paper. Use simple and concise words that are easy to understand by the readers. Discuss direct to the point issues to easily target the main points of the subject matter. Consider the target audience that is relevant to the main subject to allow readers to relate the discussion to their personal experience. Discussing the research in shorter sentences prevents confusion for the readers. The 1st body paragraph Indicate the factors why bullying occurs at a certain area. You should indicate the specific place where bullying usually occurs. You can state several factors in terms of political, social, or security issues at the affected area. Factors determine several reasons why bullying occurs. This can be based on the lapses on laws that allow bullying to take over. In the absence of parenting is also considered a reason because parents are the first teachers of humans at home to show the right way of treating others and knowing what is right or wrong. The 2nd body paragraph Describe the type of bullying that is usually inflicted towards the targeted victim. Indicating the place, time, and frequency of bullying that impacts the physical and psychological well-being of the individual. Bullying can be discussed by detailing the scenario of the story. The scenario narrates the way or the type of harm applied towards the victim of the abuse, which could present how it was applied by the offending party. This is to further explain more details about the scenarios on how this unacceptable behavior has been perpetrated by a person with a violent intent. The 3rd body paragraph Discuss the impact of bullying towards the group or individual being targeted by the offending party. Identify the affected groups or organizations when bullying occurs at a certain period of time. The impact is usually based on physical issues wherein the victim sustained injuries that either minor or major depending on the condition or the type of harm applied. A psychological impact is a scenario wherein bullying has been impacting the emotional well-being of an individual that severely damaged their self-confidence or self-worth. How to finish a research paper on bullying Provide a piece of advice for a reader regarding helpful tips to protect anyone from bullying. Discuss the salient points or important ways to help individuals from any threat of harm by a group of individuals who were known to inflict harm towards others just to satisfy their anti-social behavior. And most importantly, you should have a conclusion to ensure a closure for the research paper that determines your final statement regarding the issue of bullying that happens in school or in any community. Tips on conclusion writing Make a final statement about bullying that discusses the use of abusive practices applied towards an individual or group from a dominant party. Discuss learning insight about bullying as it emphasizes on the significance of issues that made a significant lesson for your personal perception regarding the incidence of this unacceptable practice towards others. Establish commentaries and facts that are relevant towards the implementation of local government units or administration of the operating institution against bullying. Initiate recommendations about bullying as it is important to know the most precise way of preventing bullying in the workplace that can help others learn more about bullying solutions. Consider the negative implications about bullying, which concentrate on the impact of the victim’s physical, social, psychological, and security issues. Example of conclusion for a bullying research paper Bullying is a serious security threat that impacts the welfare of the society or household. This issue is normally reported worldwide in various social media and in multi-media networks around the world. The problem is that government institutions were not able to stop this practice due to lack of evidence presented by the victims unless there are facts and pieces of evidence that point out with the existence of the incident. Bullying cites several injuries, psychological damage, and mental degradation due to the infliction of harm towards the victim. Bullying is implemented when laws become serious enough to stop future incidents. Government institutions should install agencies that monitor bullying. If bullying practices are usually ignored, there will be more individuals affected by physical harm, psychological degradation, and mental stagnation. Tips on revising a research paper Check the format of your research if it is followed properly. Proofread to detect errors on the paper. Seek for your adviser’s additional comments on the research then revise. Scan your paper to scanning software to further correct errors on your research paper. Allow your colleagues to check the paper for any changes that can be applied.

Social Identity Essay Example

Social Identity Essay Example Social Identity Essay Social Identity Essay Social Identity From Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender l. Conceptions and Definitions II. Types of Social Identity Ill. Multiplicity and Intersectionality V. Aspects of Social Identity V. Assessing Social Identity VI. Development and Change VI. Negotiating Social Identities Glossary Intersectionality The condition in which a person simultaneously belongs to two or more social categories or social statuses and the unique consequences that result from that combination. Minimal group paradigm An experimental procedure for creating social identity conditions in which articipants are arbitrarily assigned to one group or another. Social representations Commonly shared and collectively elaborated beliefs about social reality held by members of a culture or subculture. Stereotypes Organized, consensual beliefs and opinions about specific categories or groups of people. SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION is the process by which we define ourselves in terms and categories that we share with other people. In contrast to characterizations of personal identity, which may be highly idiosyncratic, social identities assume some commonalities with others. This chapter introduces several key issues surrounding social identity, including form and content, assessment, development and change, and identity negotiation. I. Conceptions and Definitions Identity is a term that is widely used and, as a consequence, can mean many different things to different people. Identity is sometimes used to refer to a sense of integration of the self, in which different aspects come together in a unified whole. This intrapsychic emphasis is often associated with Erik Erikson, who introduced the term identity crisis as part of his stage model of psychological development. Another common use of the term, particularly in contemporary times, is identity politics, where the reference is typically to different political positions that are staked out by members of ethnic and nationality groups. In this article, the term social identity refers specifically to those aspects of a person that are defined in terms of groups, only some of those groups are meaningful in terms of how we define ourselves. In these cases, our self-definition is shared with other people who also claim that categorical membership, for example, as a woman, as a Muslim, as a marathon runner, or as a Democrat. To share a social identity with others does not necessarily mean that we know or interact with every other member of the designated category. It does mean, however, that we believe that we share numerous features with other members of the category and that, to some degree, events that are relevant to the group as a whole also have significance for the individual member. As an example, a person who defines herself as a feminist is more likely to be aware of legislation regulating abortion, more likely to have read books by Betty Friedan or bell hooks, and more likely to be aware of salary discrepancies between omen and men than is a person who does not identify as a feminist. Many forms of social identity exist, reflecting the many ways in which people connect to other groups and social categories. In our own work, we have pointed to five distinct types of social identification: ethnic and religious identities, political identities, vocations and avocations, personal relationships, and stigmatized groups (see Table l). Each of these types of social identification has some unique characteristics that make it somewhat different from another type. Relationship identities, in particular, have some special features. To be a mother, for example, can imply a sense of shared experience with other people who are mothers. Sometimes particular aspects of these experiences can be defined even more finely, as in Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD). At the same time, the identity of mother implies a specific role relationship with another person, a relationship that is unique and grounded in ones own personal experience with that other person. Other social identities can be defined more generally, tied not to any individual but to a generic group. Thus to identify as a doctor, for example, implies a shared definition with ountless others, many of whom you may not know anything in particular about. Another defining characteristic of occupational identities is that they are chosen by the person (what is sometimes called an achieved status). In contrast, social identities such as ethnicity or gender are ascribed categories, given to one at birth. Social identities also differ in the status or value that is attached to them. In Table l, for example, the stigmatized identities stand apart from the other types of social identity, all of which are typically regarded more positively. In the original study that defined he categories presented in Table l, gender was clustered together with other relationship identities in the final statistical solution. Certainly it is true that many relationships are gendered in their definition and implications (as are many occupations as well). However, because of the importance and centrality of gender in our lives, it is often considered as a category in itself. Similarly, sexual orientation can be classified as one form of a relationship identity, but it often has greater prominence than other relationship identities. To understand more about the nature f social identity, let us consider three identities in more detail: gender, ethnicity and Ethnicity and religion Asian American Jewish Southerner West Indian Political affiliation Feminist Republican Environmentalist Vocations and avocations Psychologist Artist Athlete Military veteran Relationships Mother Parent Teenager Widow Stigmatized identities Person with AIDS Homeless person Alcoholic A. GENDER IDENTITY Ones gender-most typically as a man or woman-is one of the most frequently mentioned identities when people are asked to describe themselves, and it is also ne of the categories most often used by others to describe us. Similarly, the development of gender identity (see Section VI) has been a central topic for developmental psychologists. Because gender is such a fundamental category, it is perhaps not surprising that a great many meanings and implications are associated with gender. Personality traits (e. g. , being competitive or being aware of the feelings of others), role behaviors (e. g. , taking care of children or assuming leadership roles), physical characteristics (e. g. , having broad shoulders or a soft voice), and a host of ther associations can be leadership roles), physical characteristics (e. g. , having broad shoulders or a soft voice), and a host of other associations can be linked to gender categories. [See SOCIAL ROLE THEORY OF SEX DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES. At the same time, many investigators believe that it is not useful to think of gender as a single social category. Rather, many have argued for a concept of gendered identities, which recognizes the multiple social identities that may be influenced by ones gender. As noted earlier, both occupations (e. g. , nurse) and relationships (e. g. wife) often have gender implications. Similarly, a persons identity as a woman may differ radically depending on whether she views herself as a feminis t or as a more traditional type of woman. Thus, in adopting a perspective of gendered identities, one acknowledges that multiple identities are shaped by ones gender, and that social identities can intersect and overlap with one another. B. ETHNIC AND NATIONAL IDENTITIES For many people, ethnicity is a central element of self-definition and becomes an important social identity. In the past, social scientists categorized human beings in erms of basic racial categories, such as Asian, Caucasian, and Negroid. With increasing awareness of the arbitrary nature of the social construction of race, these categories are less frequently used. More common today is categorization on the basis of ethnicity, defined in terms of culture, language, and country of origin. Works by theorists such as William Cross on African American identity exemplify the approach to this form of categorization and identification. Nationality can be closely linked to ethnic identity, but it often represents a distinct way of identifying oneself. In Finland, for example, being ethnically Finnish and being a citizen of Finland are highly overlapping bases of identification. In contrast, in the United States one can have an identity as an American and at the same time hold an identity (often hyphenated) as an African American, an Asian American, a Latino, or a West Indian. Like most identities, national identities are flexible and subjectively defined. People claim. Often second-generation immigrants, for example, feel a pressure to choose between maintaining an identity with their country of origin and developing a new identification with the host country. These two bases of identification can have quite different meanings for friendship networks, social and cultural activities, and even marriage and family. Yet at the same time, it is increasingly recognized that people are not necessarily required to choose between one of two mutually exclusive identities, but may instead maintain dual identification or may use the two sources of identity as the basis for a new emergent form of social identification, for example, as a bicultural person. Like gender, the analysis of ethnic and national identity is more complex than it sometimes first seems. C. SEXUAL ORIENTATION Many people use sexual orientation as a central category of social identification. As is often the case, members of the minority group-in this case, gays and lesbians-are more likely to give prominence to this social identification than are members of the dominant majority group-in this case, heterosexuals. Many analyses of gay and lesbian identification have posited stage models of development, describing the processes by which people come to recognize and then to endorse their sexual orientation. These models take into account the evidence that many individuals do not become aware of their sexual preferences until adolescence or later. At the same time, stage models are often criticized, both for assuming invariant sequences in the development of the gay/ lesbian identity, as well as for assuming that the process works in the same way for gays and for lesbians. Far less work has been done in defining a heterosexual identity, in part because it is less frequently referred to by those who might see themselves that way (although heterosexuality per se has certainly been studied widely). A critical aspect of the gay and lesbian identity is that it is, in some segments of society, a highly stigmatized identity, a characteristic that is hared with some ethnic and religious identities. The experience of prejudice and discrimination that gays and lesbians face makes the process of social identification a particularly difficult one at times, as the positive values that one typically associates with ones own group are not shared by the society at large. Identification in terms of sexual orientation also illustrates well the overlapping nature of identity categories, particularly with gender. It is easy to talk in terms of multiple identities, for example, having separate identities as a woman, a lawyer, a spouse, a mother, a roller blader, and so on. In fact, several theoretical traditions within psychology and sociology, including role theory and symbolic interaction, encourage us to think in terms of these distinct groups. In contrast, theories emanating from personality psychology, such as that of Erik Erikson, focus on the possibilities for integrating multiple identities into a single identity. Indeed, within that particular tradition, the successful resolution of potential conflicts among identities is seen as a criterion of the healthy personality. Each of these positions involves its own conceptual challenges. For those who favor hen these identities relate to one another. Are there points of overlap among identities? Can identities be represented in some form of hierarchy, with more important or more encompassing identities at the top and other less central or more specific identities at the bottom? For those who favor the integrative position, the questions concern how integration is achieved and whether a single identity, defined as the integrated sum of various component identities, can be predictive of more domain-specific behaviors. Another perspective on this issue is to consider the intersectionality among various ocial identities. Intersectionality is a term introduced by critical legal theorists to refer to the specific conditions that exist when one holds two or more social statuses. ntroduced by critical legal theorists to refer to the specific conditions that exist when one holds two or more social statuses. Often discussion has focused on the intersections of race and gender, exploring what it means, for example, to be a Black female as opposed to being a Black male or a White female. Gender, it is argued, does not necessarily carry the same meanings for members of different ethnic roups. Similarly, ethnicity may be experienced differently for women as compared to m en. At the same time, proponents of intersectionality suggest that it is not possible to clearly distinguish between experience that is related to race and experience that is related to gender. Rather, the conditions are inextricably bound together in the individuals life. Many investigations have shown the importance of considering different configurations of social categories. Often, the particular confgurations and the importance of one versus another identity may change over time as well, eminding us that identity is a dynamic rather than static process. Taken to the extreme, of course, the notion of intersectionality could be problematic if all possible intersections needed to be considered at all times. More likely, however, there are a limited number of key identity categories whose influence is sufficiently strong to combine with others and it is those intersections that investigators will want to study most closely. IV. Aspects of Social Identity A social identity is first of all a label or a category, a way of grouping a number of people together on the basis of some shared features. Beyond the labeling, however, ocial identity has many more implications, both for the persons who claim the social identity and for others who see them as members of particular categories. Thus the category label can in a sense be considered the frame for a painting that is rich in cognitive beliefs, emotional associations, and behavioral consequences. A. COGNITIVE ASPECTS The cognitive aspects of a social identity can be extensive and varied, including personality traits, social and political attitudes, and memories for identity-related events. Because social identities are developed and defined within a social world, many of these cognitions are shared. Indeed, some investigators talk in terms of self- stereotyping, suggesting that when one views the self in terms of a particular social Another way of talking about these shared definitions is to refer to the social representations of salient categories. Groups defined by gender, age, ethnicity, and nationality are all represented in the culture at large. There is often a consensus as to what best characterizes boys and girls, for example, or people from Australia or Turkey or Senegal. Consider the stereotype of woman, for example. Traits typically associated with the category of woman include being emotional, kind, understanding, nd helpful to others. More specifically defined types of women, such as a businesswoman, a feminist, or a housewife, carry other associations. These societally shared beliefs about a category can become part of ones own social identification with the category. However, people do not necessarily take on the whole set of associations that consensually define a category. From the general set of societal representations, people may adopt some aspects as relevant while not accepting others. In addition, people often create their own idiosyncratic definitions of what it means to be a particular type of person. Thus, the cognitive contents of a social identity are best conceived as a combination of socially shared beliefs and other attributes based on personal experience. [See GENDER STEREOTYPES]. B. EMOTIONAL AND MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS In many cases, social identities include not only cool cognitions, but hot emotions as well. Thus to be a feminist or an environmentalist, for example, may entail strong, affectively based feelings about social equality or the preservation of the environment. Similarly, ethnic and national identities often carry deep emotional meanings. Consider the recent conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, among Serbs, Croatians, and Muslims; or the killings in Africa of Hutus and Tutsis; the troubles between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland; and the continuing conflicts in the Middle East between Palestinians and Israeli Jews. In each case, identification with the ethnic group has a strong affective element that underlies the cognitive meanings associated with the identity. Eva Hoffman, a Polish writer who emigrated to Canada, conveys the intensity of affect that can characterize an ethnic identity in the following passage: The country of my childhood lives within me with a primacy that is a form of love All we have to draw on is that first potent furnace, the uncompromising, ignorant love, the original heat and hunger for the forms of the world. (Lost in Translation: A Life in a New Language, 1990, pp. 74-75) The recognition that identification has an emotional as well as a cognitive basis has a long history in psychology. Sigmund Freud, for example, described identification in terms of the emotional ties one has, first with a parent and later with members of groups (and especially with the group leader). Subsequently, social psychologists such as Henri TaJfel included the emotional significance of membership as part of ocial identification. Social identities also have a motivational basis. Particularly in the case of identities that people choose or achieve, specific that people choose or achieve, specific functions are believed to be satisfied by the choice of identification. Although the variety of functions served by social identities are numerous, it is possible to think about a few general types. First, social identity may serve as a means of self-definition or self-esteem, making the person feel better about the self. Second, social identification may be a means of interacting with others ho share ones values and goals, providing reference group orientation and shared activity. A third function that social identification can serve is as a way of defining oneself in contrast to others who are members of another group, a way of positioning oneself in the larger community. This functional basis of identification can both serve as the impetus for Joining a group, as well as become a defining agenda for group activity. C. BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS One reason why social identification is a topic of such high interest is because categorizations have implications for behavior. To the extent that one defines oneself n terms of a particular group, it affects the behaviors one enacts for oneself and the way one interacts with others who may be members of different groups. Early research on social identity by TaJfel and his colleagues emphasized the intergroup aspects of social identification. His research, which used a paradigm known as the minimal group, showed that it takes very little to create a sense of identification with one group and a consequent disfavoring of another group. In these simple experiments, people were assigned to be in a specified group on the basis of a preference for one painter over another, or on a bogus distinction between reference for green or blue, or even Just an arbitrary assignment as an X or a Y. With even this minimal and highly artificial basis for group identification, people will allocate rewards in such a way as to favor their own group and to disadvantage the other. But the behavioral implications of social identification go far beyond these simple experimental demonstrations. An increasing body of research shows that group identification has important motivational consequences, and that the identifications that one is assigned or chooses lead to relevant actions in a variety of domains, from olunteering for an organization to participating in social protest to choosing a mate. Not surprisingly, people who are more strongly identified with a particular group are more likely to carry out actions that are supportive of that group. [See INDIVIDUALISM AND COLLECTIVISM. Given the complexity and multifaceted nature of social identity, the question of how one assesses a social identity is important. Perhaps not surprisingly, given the ingenuity of social scientists, many different methods have been developed over the years. Disputes have also developed as to which approach is the best. Probably the implest way to designate a social identity is to assig n it arbitrarily, as is typically done in the minimal group experiments. Almost as simple is an approach in which can determine that a person is a woman, a professor, or an Asian American, it is possible to assume that the social identity is present. A problem for this assumption, however, is that social identity is more appropriately viewed as a subjective, rather than objective, state. Thus, while every student at a university can reasonably be called a student, it is not necessarily true that every student feels strongly identified with that category. Knowing how important or central an identity is to the person is necessary in order to predict how much the identity will influence the persons beliefs, emotions, and actions. To deal with this potential problem, many measures of identification have been developed in which the respondent is asked to indicate how important or unimportant a particular identity is. Social identity involves more than Just categorization, however. As suggested earlier, key features of social identification include sets of beliefs, emotional associations, and motivational considerations. Some investigators have developed more extensive uestionnaires to tap a variety of aspects of social identification. One issue in developing such measures is how generic versus how identity-specific they should be. A generic measure is one that can be used to assess any social identification, and thus it allows investigators to make comparisons between different social identities in terms of their strength or centrality. An item on this type of generic scale could be the following (this one taken from the Collective Self-Esteem Scale developed by Luhtanen and Crocker): Being a member of a social group is an important reflection of who I am. In this case, any specific social identity group could be substituted for the general term social group. A somewhat more specific form of identity assessment is the measure of ethnic identity developed by Jean Phinney. In this case, the scale was designed specifically to assess ethnic identity, as evidenced by items such as the following: l have a lot of pride in my ethnic group and its accomplishments and l participate in cultural practices of my own group, such as special food, music, or customs. Phinney suggests that this measure can be used to assess an y ethnic identification; thus it would be equally appropriate for an African American, a Cuban American, or a Vietnamese American. General measures such as these have the advantage of allowing the investigator to make comparisons between groups, using a common metric. At the same time, these all-purpose measures have been criticized because they do not get at the specific features of a specific identification. Within the area of ethnic identification, for example, the beliefs and experiences associated with being a Black American are probably different from those associated with being a Latino (or, more specifically, a Mexican American, a Cuban American, a Puerto Rican, etc. ). To capture these more unique aspects of social identification, some investigators have developed measures that are specific to a particular group. As one example, Robert Sellers and his colleagues created a measure of African American racial identity that includes both general measures of centrality and salience, as well as specific questions about racial ideology that are based on the African American experience (expressed in ideological philosophies specific questions about racial ideology that are based on the African American experience (expressed in ideological philosophies of nationalism, oppression, Other quantitative measures of identity reflect different theoretical traditions. From the perspective of Eriksonian models, for example, identity is assessed in terms of the attainment of integration among identities. Other theories, such as those that assume continuing multiplicity, suggest assessment techniques that speak to the structure and relationship among various identities. Seymour Rosenberg and Paul de Boeck have developed procedures that yield a visual representation of identity structure, showing how a persons identities are positioned relative to one another. Figure 1 illustrates such a structure. In this particular method, people are asked to list both the identities that are important to them and the attributes that they associate with each identity. Based on the degree to which identities are characterized by common attributes (and attributes are similarly applied to identities), a structure is determined in which some identities are more encompassing or superordinate (such as woman in this example) and others are more distinctive and limited (such as daughter or volunteer in this example). Daughter and sister appear together in this fgure because they are described by the same traits, i. e. , comfortable, relaxed, etc. Other identities are described in other ways, as the figure shows. This method of identity assessment uses sophisticated quantitative methods, but at the same time yields very individualized portraits. Figure 1 Example of an identity structure. A quite different approach to assessing identity relies not on quantitative measures, but rather on various qualitative forms of data analysis, including narratives and open-ended interview material. In this approach, the investigator is more willing to let the person herself define the domains in which identity is relevant and the dimensions by which it is characterized. Qualitative methods are generally more successful than strictly quantitative methods in providing a context for identity, allowing the respondent to relate themes of self to the historical and social events in which they developed and are played out. Qualitative assessment of identity has been particularly successful in exploring and highlighting conditions of intersectionality. By turning to the participants own narrative, the investigator is better able to appreciate the complex ways in which various identities may combine and overlap, as well as gain a sense of the ways in which those combinations may shift over time and place. Qualitative approaches are also a particularly useful way to enter worlds that may not be recognized and represented in more traditional approaches, which are often based on implicit norms that do not generalize. The sense of oneself as belonging to a particular category of people, or of being characterized by particular labels, begins quite early in life. In terms of gender identity, most investigators believe that between the age of two and three years children have a early in life. In terms of gender identity, most investigators believe that between the age of two and three years children have a sense of their gender. Gender identity is